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Examination of lower limb in a child with cerebral palsy

June 27, 2026

Components of evaluation When examining a patient with cerebral palsy the following components of examination are to be done. 2. Functional Assessment The function is assessed in the following categories. Functional assessment at current levels may be done by several…

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Examination of a patient with cerebral palsy

June 25, 2026

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a qualitative disorder of movement and posture due to nonprogressive damage to the brain before the completion of its growth and development. The main types of CP are spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic and athetoid. Spastic type accounts…

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Simple bone cyst (Unicameral bone cyst)

November 9, 2021

3% of primary bone tumors.  Nearly always in first 2 decades. Most often between 4-10years. 2:1 male female ratio. Pathology Common sites are proximal humerus – 50%, proximal femur- 18-27% and proximal tibia, distal tibia and calcaneum. Cyst cavity may…

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OASIS ICL on Basics Of TKR

November 9, 2021

I was the organising chairman for this Instructional Course Lectures on Basics of TKR conducted by Orthopaedic Association of South Indian States (OASIS) conducted on 2-11-2021. The YouTube link to the entire program is given below. Please visit.. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-WNfOMTJkaU

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Paediatric Monteggia Fractures

December 16, 2020

Monteggia fracture first described by Giovanni Monteggia in 1814. 16-50% of paediatric Monteggia fractures are missed initially at presentation. Anatomy Annular ligament and quadrate ligament are primary static stabilizers of proximal radioulnar joint. Weitbrecht ligament or oblique cord which extend…

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Notes on Robotic Total Knee Replacement

December 3, 2020

Term ‘robot’ originates from the Czech word ‘robota’, which means forced labour or activity. Karel Capek first used the term ‘Robot’ in his 1921 play called Rossum’s Universal Robots. Robots are defined as an array of computer controlled machines that…

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Examination of Spine

May 2, 2020

The purpose of clinical examination are many.  First and foremost, the identification of patients who need emergent or urgent care and treatment, and then, identify the cause of patient’s symptoms, its impact on the patient and the needs and expectations of…

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Charcot Osteoarthropathy

July 31, 2019

Charcot neuropathic osteoarthropathy (CNO) is a noninfective, inflammatory condition affecting periarticular soft tissue and bone in patients with peripheral neuropathy which if not properly treated may lead to progressive resorption of bone, disruption of soft tissues and disorganization of joints…

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Renal Osteodystrophy

July 22, 2019

Bone is composed of cells and extracellular matrix  comprised of a mainly type I collagen matrix impregnated with hydroxyapatite crystals. It is constantly remodelled by the finely balanced dual action of osteoblasts which form bone and osteoclasts which reabsorb bone.  Unbalanced…

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Congenital Dislocation of the Knee

May 12, 2019

Definition Congenital dislocation of the knee is a condition characterised by hyperextension deformity of knee with varying degrees of pathological anterior displacement of the tibia present at birth. History First described by Chenssier in 1812. Subsequently reported by Chatelaine in…

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